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joint stock company

DEFINITION

In the modern times the business and industry has been developed on a large scale the capital required for such industry and trade is huge which cannot be accumulated either in a sole proprietorship or a partnership organization. As a result of this change, a new form of organization has become quite popular in modern times which are known as Joint Stock Company. It is normally defined as;

“An association of many person who contribute money or money’s worth to common stock or employ it in some trade and business, and who share profit or loss arising from there.”

It means the joint stock company is a voluntary association of individual who contribute their money or profit to a common stock for carrying on a particular business. The money or money’s worth contributed by the member known as ‘share holders’ forms the capital of the company. The capital is divided into numbers of unit called share. Each share carries definite face value and is transferable in the market without any restriction or formalities.

A company as soon as incorporated takes a legal entity distinct from the share holder who composes it. It is managed by a group of persons known as directors. Directors are the representatives of share holders.
FORMATION OF JOINT STOCK COMPANY

All the joint stock companies whether public or private are governed by the company’s ordinance 1984 and must be formed according to the procedures laid down in that act. For the formulation ofJoint Stock Company the following document must be submitted to the registrar, joint stockCompany;

1. The list of directors along with their address.

2. the memorandum of association on which at least 7 person, who are promoters should sign in case of public limited company and two in case of private limited company. In addition of this it is also essential for the, to purchase the qualification share.

3. Articles of association duly signed as memorandum of association.

4. The consent of all the directors to act as directors.

5. A formal declaration by the secretary that all the formalities are duly completed.

6. A statement of normal capital.

Along with the above documents, registration fees, which varies with the amount of share capital is paid off to the treasury.

When the registrar of the joint stock companies is satisfied from all the formalities he will enter the name of the company in the register and will issue a certificate of incorporation. Now thecompany will have its separate existence.

CLASSES OF COMPANIES

There are following classes of Joint Stock Company:

1.CHARTERED COMPANY

2.STATUTORY COMPANY

3. REGISTERED COMPANY

............(A) LIMITED COMPANY

......................(I) PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY

......................(II)PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY

...................................... * COMPANY LIMITED BY GUARANTEE

...................................... * COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES

...........(B) UNLIMITED COMPANY

sample deal

Business Summary: We buy, sell and produce goods and services that are
bought, sold or produced. We sell all the goods and services that are bought or
produced. We buy all the goods and services that are sold or produced, and we
produce all the goods and services that can be bought or sold. We buy when
prices are low, sell when prices are high and skim fees off the top of every
transaction. This question allows up to 450 characters. I have used a total of 449.
Customer Problem: Consumers want or need to purchase goods and services
that are produced. This requires a marketplace for vendors to provide these. This
question has a limit of 210 characters. I have used a total of 203.
Product/Services: When someone wants to buy something, we provide them
with the product and the vendor. When someone wants to sell something, we
provide them with the consumer and the product. When a product is to exchange
hands, we provide the consumer and the vendor. We buy when the prices are
low, sell when our prices are high, and charge fees on each and every
transaction that is made. This question allows up to 450 characters. I have used
a total of 450.
Target Market: There are 6.1 billion consumers in the world. We create a
potential marketplace for each and everyone one of them. Today we are
reaching one hundred million people in the US, over one hundred fifty million
people in Western Europe, and another 50 million people in Australia and New
Zealand. We are confident that with your money we will be able to reach one
billion people. This question allows up to 450 characters. I have used a total of
450.
Customers: Current customers are two hundred fifty million men, women, and
children in the United States, Canada, and the European Union. This question
has a limit of 210 characters. I have used a total of only 206.
Sales/Marketing Strategy: We advertise using extensive markieting campaigns
on television, radio, billboards, magazines, the Internet, and by word of mouth.
Our advertising campaign includes a catchy tune and an easy to remember
slogan, accompanied by a well recognized logo. We are looking to expand our
market into Asia, Africa, South America, Antarctica, and Greenland by the end of
this year. This question allows up to 450 characters. I have used a total of 445.
Business Model: We charge a fee of ten percent on every transaction made, at
each level of production, distribution, wholesale, and retail sale. This question
has a limit of 210 characters. I have used a total of only 208.
Competitors: Current competitors include but are not limited to shopping malls;
retail, wholesale, and second hand stores; manufacturers, buyers, sellers,
resellers, and advertisers; law firms, doctors offices, banks, and consulting firms;
black markets, importers, exporters, and mom and pop shops; restaurants,
hotels, salons and resorts; high tech, low tech, and no tech companies. This
question allows up to 450 characters. I have used a total of only 449.
Company Profile:
URL: www.SampleDeal.com
Industry: Electronic Instruments &
Controls
Employees: 12
Founded: 01/2006
Contact:
Horace B. Gillywater
sampledeal@fakeemail.com
w 111-222-3333
c 222-333-4444
f 333-444-5555
Financial Information:
Funding Stage: Product In
Development
Capital Raised: $250,000
Monthly Burn Rate: $45,000
Pre-Money Valuation: $5,000,000
Capital Seeking: $1,000,000
Management:
Horace B. Gillywater, CEO
Jimmy J. Walterwash, CFO
Advisors:
Lawyer: Dewey and Howe

150 business ideas

Below is a listing of one hundred and five business ideas thought of by middle and high school students. Hopefully this listing will illustrate the principle that business ideas are a dime a dozen and it is always the execution that counts. I encourage you to read "It’s not the Idea, It’s the Execution" after finishing this article as well as "Business Idea and Opportunity Evaluation."

The following ideas were brainstormed by fourteen high school students in a 90 minute period on July 20, 2003.

1. underwater restaurant
2. spa franchise
3. foldable hammock for car trunks
4. high quality light fixtures
5. health bar chain
6. comfy, damage-free ear phones
7. chair with popcorn holder, tray, built-in radio, massager
8. self-cleaning microwave
9. security software to protect against hackers and credit card scams
10. wholesale store without membership card 

11. aerobic center for teenagers
12. chair store w/ imported European chocolate
13. restaurants for dogs and cats
14. oxygen tanks so dogs and cats can go diving
15. computer animation company
16. real estate company
17. cosmetics/hair care company
18. bowling alley in Cartagena, Columbia
19. Store that makes custom clothes
20. electronic translator that you put in your ear
21. fashion design company for new designers that need a start
22. iron rod production
23. selling traditional jewelry
24. brail screen that reads computer and translates the text on a computer into 3D brail that the blind could read
25. lumber company
26. Make a ski board rotating wardrobe at ski resorts
27. flavored straws
28. A grocery store that also had a fitness center
29. a diagonal load dishwasher
30. sushi restaurant
31. Candyland theme park chain
32. web design/advertising company
33. per month CD online company
34. educational software for the visually impaired
35. bringing broadband internet access into developing countries
36. Sonar for blind people
37. voice/data equipment for hospitals
38. drink machine that talks to you.
39. a teddy bear with sensors and small computer inside that would talk to infants/toddlers and encourage good behavior or tell them a bed-time story
40. an online store where you could customize clothing and then have it shipped to you
41. an educational software company that made console games for kids that were actually fun to play.

The following ideas were brainstormed by fourteen middle school students in a 90 minute period on July 27, 2003.

1. New brand of cola
2. Monorail company
3. triangular and circular houses
4. interchangeable shoes
5. internet caf�
6. pens that never from out of ink
7. new type of fuel
8. hovercars
9. new internet service provider
10. college/cheerleader calendars
11. college/male athlete calendars
12. voice-activated radio/TV
13. voice activated hourse
14. remote control finder
15. voice activated keys
16. hydrogen powered cars
17. easy wrinkle remover
18. never-ending bottle of soda
19. underwear with pockets
20. new clothing line
21. donut store
22. shoe pockets
23. wireless TV headseats
24. haircoloring shampoo
25. desks with build in computers
26. text books on computers
27. automatic dog food dispenser
28. remote control lawnmower
29. washer-dryer all in one combo
30. color eye drops
31. mechanical spiders
32. MP3 player watch
33. watch that automatically knows what time zone it’s in
34. butt-wiping toilets
35. better toothpaste
36. virus protection
37. toothbrush with toothpaste in it
38. video phone
39. logo changing shirt
40. solar color changing shirt
41. solar powered sports cars
42. color changing nail polish
43. TV on cell phones
44. personal soda dispenser
45. voice-controlled air conditioning system
46. resort
47. color changing hair bow
48. voice activated elevators
49. phone/tv/radio in a shower
50. sponges with built in soap
51. self-moving furniture
52. multi-colored markets
53. reversible backpacks
54. student tracker system
55. remote to control of your appliances
56. sneakers with comfortable insides
57. auto food/water dispenser for animals for when family is away for a few days
58. vacuum with perfume in it
59. trash can with perfume in it
60. real-looking pony tail that hooks in your hair
61. 3 in 1 paint color can
62. refrigerator that has an alarm for bad food
63. cat food dispenser
64. boats that give a smooth ride

Now that your creative juices are flowing, I encourage to learn how to evaluate business ideas in ‘How to Evaluate Business Ideas and Opportunities."

Ryan P. Allis, 20, is the author of Zero to One Million, a guide to building a company to $1 million in sales, and the founder of zeromillion.com. Ryan is also the CEO of Broadwick Corp., a provider of the permission-based email marketing software and CEO of Virante, Inc., a web marketing and search engine optimization firm. Ryan is an economics major at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he is a Blanchard Scholar. [learn more.. Article on business, ideas by Ryan P Allis

Read more: 105 Business Ideas
Get more information on Entrepreneurship

sample cover letter

456 College Hall
Normal, IL 67890

February 16, 20XX

Ms. Jane Doe
Partner-In-Charge
Big Public Accounting, Inc.
123 N. Michigan Ave.
Chicago, IL 12345

Ms. Doe:

I was referred to you by Mr. Dave Zbecki, a Partner with your New York office, who informed me that the Chicago office of Big Public Accounting is actively seeking to hire quality individuals for your Auditor Development Program.

I have more than two years of accounting experience, including interning as an Auditor last year with the New York City office of Ernst & Young. I will be receiving my BBA this May from Illinois State University, graduating Magna Cum Laude. I am confident that my combination of practical work experience and solid educational experience has prepared me for making an immediate contribution to Big Public Accounting. Having interned with a leading firm in the public accounting field, I understand the level of professionalism and communication required for long-term success in the field. My background and professional approach to business will provide your office with a highly productive Auditor upon completion of your Development Program.

I will be in the Chicago area the week of March 16. Please call me at 217-222-3456 to arrange a convenient time when we may meet to further discuss my background in relation to your needs. If I have not heard from you by March 9, I will contact your office to inquire as to a potential meeting date and time. I look forward to meeting you then.

Sincerely,

Tracy Q. Graduate

Tracy Q. Graduate

Types of business letter

Business letter is an old form of official correspondence. A business letter is written by an individual to an organization or an organization to another organization. Business letters are written for various purposes. One writes a letter to enquire information,  acknowledge someone's work, and appreciate one's job done, etc.As the motive of writing the letter is different, the style of the letter changes and you get different types of business letters. The various types ofbusiness letters are used by different people to serve their purpose of sending the message across. et's take look at the most common types of business letters: Acknowledgement Letter : This type of letter is written when you want to acknowledge some one for his help or support when you were in trouble. The letter can be used to just say thanks for something you have received from some one, which is of great help to you. Apology Letter : An apology letter is written for a failure in delivering the desired results. If the person has taken up a task and he fails to meet the target then he apologizes and asks for an opportunity to improve in this type of letter. Appreciation Letter : An appreciation letter is written to appreciate some one's work in the organization. This type of letter is written by a superior to his junior. An organization can also write an appreciation letter to other organization, thanking the client for doing business with them. Complaint Letter : A complaint letter is written to show one that an error has occurred and that needs to be corrected as soon as possible. The letter can be used as a document that was used for warning the reader. Inquiry Letter : The letter of inquiry is written to inquire about a product or service. If you have ordered a product and yet not received it then you can write a letter to inquire when you will be receiving it. Order Letter : This letter is as the name suggests is used for ordering products. This letter can be used as a legal document to show the transaction between the customer and vendor. Letter of Recommendation : This type of letter is written to recommend a person for a job position. The letter states the positive aspects of the applicant's personality and how he/she would be an asset for the organization. Letter of recommendation is even used for promoting a person in the organization.

Ideas for closing sales deals

Get beyond “yes”: Time is your enemy. Once you’ve gotten your target to agree in principle that you’re going to make this deal, move them as quickly as possible toward getting it into writing. That’s because into the narrow opening between “yes” and signing on the dotted line can creep things common sales problems like second thoughts, competition or unforeseen events. So if you get a verbal expression of interest, then move resolutely toward a verbal commitment, then as quickly as possible to a written agreement that hopefully closes out the sales cycle.

Create a sense of urgency: Sometimes the person on the other end of the deal will be happy to close it – when they can get around to it. Timing may be much more important to you. So if necessary, you want to create a sense of urgency to get their commitment, and that may require some final concessions to refocus their attention. This may involve offering a 2% greater discount, net-30 terms instead of net-10 requirements, or offering a two-year service agreement instead of one-year coverage. You’ll know what it takes.

Use the threat of competition: Unfortunately, in order to get the other side to close, sometimes an entrepreneur will have to get them to understand that if they don’t do the deal with you, you’ll do the deal with someone else. Sometimes this involves bluffing, sometimes enhancing the appeal of what you’re offering. But if you can convince the target of your deal making that you’re doing something that’s going to become powerful, everybody wants a piece of that.

Generate “late-breaking news”: Throughout the relationship-building and negotiating process and beyond, be funneling helpful new information to the other party. This might be a press release about a new product, a copy of a story about your business that you’ve managed to land in the local newspaper, the result of a new independent test of your service, or that one last testimonial from an existing customer that you’re keeping in your back pocket.

Be prepared to not close: The reality is that most deals don’t close, if you measure by the number of potential relationships and transactions that your company pursues. Something happens. There isn’t a fit. The timing isn’t right. You must disdain losing any deal and fight hard to land every last one. But you also need to be sober about the percentages – so you can raise them.